Hi        SHOP 


UC-NRLF 


Bfll    ISM 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
^Received       |.Af|      6    1 893      .  189 

Accessions  NoML^ ...  Class  No. 


E  VER  Y-DA  Y  PHIL  OS O PHY 


THE   SHOP 


BY 

ALBERT   E.   WINSHIP 

EDITOR  "JOURNAL  OF  EDUCATION" 


BOSTON 
D   LOTHROP    COMPANY 

WASHINGTON    STREET  OPPOSITE   BROMFIELD 


riI.7iB.siT: 


COPYRIGHT,  1889, 

BY 
D.  LOTHROP  COMPANY. 


WHOSE  FORGE  AND  ANVIL  ARE  AMONG  MY  EARLIEST  RECOLLEC- 
TIONS J  IwHO   TAUGHT    ME   BY   PRECEPT   AND    EXAMPLE 
"TO   STAND   UPON    MY   FEET"   IN   THOUGHT 
AND    CHARACTER,! 

I    DEDICATE    THIS    FRUIT    OF    HIS    LIFE    AND    TEACHING, 

WITH  FILIAL  DEVOTION, 
IN    HIS    EIGHTY  -  SECOND    YEAR. 


*  EVERY  father  expects  his  boy  to  be  a  success,  and 
every  mother  expects  her  daughter  to  marry  a  man 
who  is  a  success.     There  are  some  disappointments. 
Why?* 

•  One  man  says  the  home  is  responsible  for  the  failures 
in  life,  and  organizes  an  Anti-Divorce  League ;« another 
holds  the  school  responsible,  and  organizes  an  Indus- 
trial Education  Society ;  another  says  it  is  the  church, 
and  advocates  a  "  How  to  Reach  the  Masses  Society  " ; 
another  lays  the  blame  upon  the  saloon,  and  forms  a 
Prohibitory  Party;  another  says  it  is  aristocracy  in  pol- 
itics that  does  the  mischief,  and  launches  a  Labor  Re- 
form Party. 

Without  challenging  any  of  these  explanations,  or 
criticising  any  of  the  proposed  remedies,  it  may  be  well 
to  focus  our  inquiries  regarding  social  disturbances 
about  the  shop.  There  is  no  intention  of  magnifying 
or  minifying  the  good  or  bad  in  shop  life.  »The  aim  is 
simply  to  call  attention  to  the  possibilities  and  proba- 
bilities of  social,  home,  church  and  political  reform, 
through  a  keener  appreciation  and  better  appropriation 
of  the  labor-life  of  the  people.  \ 


THE  SHOP  AT  WORK. 


A  good  handicraft  has  a  golden  foundation. — Dutch. 

A  good  head  and  an  industrious  hand  are  worth  gold  in  any 
land.  —  German. 

A  good  trade  is  an  estate  for  Me.  —  Turkish. 

As  the  labor  so  the  pay.  —  Portuguese. 

By  labor  comes  wealth.  —  African. 

Labor  conquers  all  things.  —  Vergil. 

Labor,  wide  as  the  earth,  has  its  summit  in  heaven.  —  Carlyle. 

Labor  is  discovered  to  be  the  grand  conqueror,  enriching  and 
building  up  nations  more  surely  than  the  proudest  battles. — 
Channing. 

Get  leave  to  work ; 
In  this  world  —  'tis  the  best  you  get  at  all.  —  Browning. 

All  true  work  is  sacred.  —  Carlyle. 

Nothing  is  impossible  to  industry.  —  Periander. 


TJHIVE'RSITT 


THE  SHOP  AT  WORK. 


T)Y  the  shop  is  meant  the  vocation-life  and 
association  of  those  who  work  merely  for 
the  dollars  and  cents  that  come  to  them  weekly. 
There  is  a  wide  gap  between  the  conditions  of 
work  with  a  laborer  and  a  professional  or  business 
man.  The  man  in  business  for  himself,  or  in  a 
salaried  position  which  gives  him  confidential 
relations  with  the  proprietor,  works  more  hours, 
makes  more  sacrifices,  does  more  exhausting  work 
than  the  laborer  ;  but  though  he  gets  more  money 
for  it,  that  is  but  an  incidental  reward ;  and  he 
views  it  not  as  a  means  of  living,  but  as  an  invest- 
ment to  bring  in  return  other  rewards. 

fThe  laboring  man  has  a  certain  independence 
that  the  professional  or  business  man  does  not 
enjoy.  He  can  change  his  place  of  business,  usu- 

9 


IO  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

ally  at  a  week's  notice,  and  his  place  of  residence 
as  easily,  while  the  professional  or  business  man 
can  almost  never  change,  except  through  misfor- 
tune or  special  good  fortune.  The  laborer  can 
think,  speak  and  vote,  as  he  pleases.  If  he  likes 
or  dislikes  any  one  in  the  shop,  in  society,  or 
church,  he  says  so  with  as  much  emphasis  as  he 
pleases;  while  the  professional  or  business  man, 
no  matter  how  great  his  envy  or  jealousy,  must 
count  the  cost  to  his  income  and  influence  before 
he  arrays  any  one  against  him.  l 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  there  is  an  element  of 
independence  in  the  management  of  a  farm,  fac- 
tory, store,  office  or  practice,  that  is  unknown  to 
the  laborer  who  must  be  in  his  place  at  a  given 
minute,  do  a  certain  amount  of  work,  lunch  on 
time  and  stand  in  his  place  until  a  given  tick  of 
the  clocky/knowing  all  the  while  that  it  will  make 
very  little  difference  to  his  income  how  faithful  or 
skillful  he  is.  |  His  physical  energies  go  to  the 
shop.  He  eats  and  sleeps  that  he  may  have 
strength  to  put  on  his  shop  clothes  and  work  all 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  II 

day,  in  order  to  be  able  to  eat  and  sleep  for 
strength  to  do  it  over  again. 

We  are  tinkering  our  laws  each  year  to  make 
the  penalty  sufficient  to  check  the  stampede  of 
children  to  the  shop  before  they  are  thirteen  years 
of  age.  The  vast  majority  of  the  men  are  in  the 
shop  from  thirteen  years  of  age  to  the  grave, 
unless  they  are  side-tracked  in  a  hospital,  asylum 
or  poorhouse. 

There  are  in  round  numbers  four  times  as  many 
men  who  are  classed  as  laborers,  as  there  are 
professional  and  business  men  combined.  Massa- 
chusetts, for  instance,  has  in  round  numbers  four 
hundred  thousand  laboring  men  and  one  hundred 
thousand  professional  and  business  men,  including 
farmers,  bankers  and  men  retired  from  business. 

What  is  the  condition  of  the  shop  ?  What  are 
its  hopes  and  fears  ? 

Few  men  work  alone.  Modern  economy  de- 
mands that  each  man  shall  do  just  so  much  of  any 
kind  of  work  as  he  can  do  with  the  least  waste  of 
time  and  energy  to  his  employer.  The  margins 


12  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

are  so  slight  that  about  all  the  profit  there  is  in 
any  well-established  business  is  the  saving  that 
can  be  made  in  the  adjustment  of  men  to  their 
work. 

The  poultry  business  has  reached  a  stage  in 
science  in  which  the  secret  of  success  lies  in  not 
allowing  the  fowl  to  waste  any  of  its  food  through 
exercise.  One  dealer  has  invested  eighty-five 
thousand  dollars  in  a  plant  that  enables  him  to 
keep  twelve  thousand  fowls  in  a  dark  building, 
each  in  a  compartment  about  its  own  size,  where 
he  feeds  them  by  placing  a  hose  in  their  throats 
and  pumping  the  crops  full  of  prepared  food. 
Here  they  stay  day  after  day  for  about  three 
weeks,  fed  and  re-fed,  without  exercise,  in  order 
that  their  owner  may  get  the  greatest  amouut  of 
weight  with  the  most  delicate  "  tenderness/' 
This  principle,  with  variations,  applies  to  the  treat- 
ment of  help.  'The  result  is  that  groups  of  men, 
women  or  youth,  work  together,  each  doing  so 
small  a  portion  of  any  work  as  to  "require  almost 
no  thought.  Each  becomes  a  machine,  and  then  a 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  13 

machine  is  invented  to  do  the  work.  The  machine 
follows  the  making  of  a  machine  of  the  man.« 

As  a^rule  these  groups  have  the  mind  free  eight 
or  ten  hours  a  day.  The  tongue  is  usually  free 
also,  and  it  is  talk,  talk,  talk,  from  one  year's  end 
to  the  next.  They  think  about  their  talking  more 
than  about  their  working.  What  do  they  talk 
about  ?  What  effect  does  their  talking  have  upon 
their  thinking  ?  '  What  is  the  effect  of  their  think- 
ing upon  their  character  —  upon  society  ?  * 

p*y**^ 

The   talking  is   of   two    kinds  —  some   general 

theme  on  the  one  hand,  or  "small  talk"  on  the 
other.  Almost  every  half-day  starts  off  with  a 
general  theme  which  soon  degenerates  into  small 
talk.  When  they  begin  work  in  the  morning  and 
at  noon,  they  talk  of  the  horse  show  or  the  dog 
show ;  of  base  ball  or  the  yacht  race ;  of  a  great 
shipwreck  or  a  terrible  cyclone;  of  the  latest 
invention  or  political  appointment ;  of  a  revivalist 
or  tragedian ;  of  James  G.  Elaine,  Dwight  L. 
Moody,  Joseph  Cook,  J.  D.  Fulton,  or  John  L. 
Sullivan. 


14  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

The  talk  of  the  shop  is  largely  determined  by 
life  out  of  the  shop.  Each  day  is  introduced  by 
some  comment  by  each  member  of  the  group 
regarding  something  that  he  has  seen,  heard  or 
read,  since  they  separated.  If  there  be  in  the 
group  one  of  any  special  strength  of  character  who 
hears  a  sermon  upon  a  theme  in  which  he  is  inter- 
ested, the  talk  of  the  shop  will  be  directed  by  it 
on  Monday  morning ;  but  he  is  a  vigorous  preacher 
who,  through  any  member  of  his  congregation,  can 
hold  the  attention  of  the  shop  never  so  lightly  till 
Monday  noon. 

The  day  has  gone  when  it  is  the  main  duty  of 
the  pulpit  to  tell  how  wicked  the  world  is  and  how 
good  the  church  i^  |The  time  has  come  when  the 
pulpit  must  know,  and  the  church  must  solve,  *the 
problems  of  the  world.  The  church  must  expect 
to  be  judged  among  men  by  what  it  does,  not  by 
what  it  says ;  by  what  its  members  now  are,  not 
by  what  they  hope  to  be  hereafter.* 

The  shop  knows  what  it  wants  and  what  it  does 
not  want.  Seminary  phrases  in  the  pulpit  will 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  I  5 

send  the  shop  to  the  beach  every  summer  Sunday. 
The  shop  will  not  be  "preached  at."  The  "better- 
than-thou  "  style  of  address  will  drive  the  shop  into 
open  antagonism. 

Wit  is  always  at  a  premium  in  the  shop.  A 
laugh  outweighs  an  argument.  Cant  is  at  a  dis- 
count. Chestnuts  are  quickly  roasted.  There  is 
more  genuine  wit  in  the  shop  than  at  a  bankers1 
banquet,  or  a  ministers'  meeting.  There  is  as 
much  brain  in  the  shop,  judging  from  comments 
and  discriminating  criticism  of  men  and  passing 
events,  as  in  some  editorial  sanctums  and  court 
rooms. 

It  surprises  one  to  see  how  quickly  the  shop 
sizes  up  a  man.  The  freedom  of  the  place,  the 
opportunity  to  say  irresponsibly  whatever  one 
chooses,  enables  a  man  to  show  whether  he  has 
any  nerve  or  brain.  The  world  might  be  the  gainer 
if  we  could  put  our  statesmen,  editors  and  preach- 
ers into  the  shops  for  a  year,  and  fill  their  places 
with  the  highest  product  of  the  free  discussion  of 
the  shop.  If  there  was  a  way  to  secure  the  sur- 


1 6  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

vival  of  the  fittest  by  promotions  from  the  shop 
into  life,  and  if  brains  rather  than  culture,  if 
thought  instead  of  classical  expression,  could  be 
the  test,  Congressional  halls,  editorial  chairs  and 
pulpits  might  make  some  gains. 

1  The  trouble  is,  that  society  has  no  way  to  show 
its  appreciation  of  any  virtue  of  the  shop  except 
through  promotion  in  the  shop,  where  the  stand- 
ard is  skill  to  make  more  machine-like  those  who 
are  supervised.  The  result  is  a  downward  ten- 
dency, with  less  wisdom  and  more  wit,  less  sense 
and  more  sarcasm,  less  conscience  and  more  crit- 
icism, less  delicacy  and  virtue.  * 

There  is  a  fascination  in  all  this.  With  multi- 
tudes of  people  the  shop  becomes  a  cheerful,  rol- 
licking place,  despite  its  drudgery.  It  is  this, 
largely,  that  attracts  young  people  to  shop-life. 
There  is  an  element  that  they  can  rarely  find  any- 
where else  in  the  hours  when  the  world  is  at  work. 

There  are  notable  exceptions  to  the  non-promo- 
tion tendencies  of  the  shop.  Two  of  the  mayors 
of  Massachusetts'  cities  this  year  are  men  of  the 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  I/ 


shop.  One  of  them  is  found  daily  at  his  forge 
and  anvil,  and  the  other  at  his  place  in  a  factory. 
These  men  preside  over  the  destinies  of  two  of  the 
most  prosperous  cities  of  the  Commonwealth. 

f  Whenever  an  opportunity  offers  to  promote  one  of 
these  notably  able  men  of  the  shop,  it  is  as  wise 
as  it  is  just  that  they  be  advanced.  If  it  could  be 
believed  that  the  world  is  as  ready  to  put  a  compe- 
tent man  into  office  from  the  shop  as  from  the 
law  office,  from  an  humble  home  as  from  a  pala- 
tial residence,  it  would  make  a  vast  difference  in 
the  contentment,  character  and  characteristics,  of 
laboring  men.f 

jWe  are  in  the  habit  of  speaking  of  the  talk  and 
thought  of  the  shop  as  threatening  the  best  inter- 
ests of  society.  It  is  better  to  think  of  them  as 
presenting  some  specially  hopeful  phases  of  life. 
If  only  they  can  be  directed  aright,  they  will  be 
worth  more  than  any  specific  means  of  reform 
that  have  been  suggested^  Every  characteristic 
of  the  shop  that  gives  it  a  dangerous  tendency 

,  may  be  turned  easily  into  a  helpful  phase  of  life. 


1 8  THE    SHOP    AT    WORK. 

When  the  theme  is  right,  public  sentiment  is  made 
nowhere  so  rapidly  as  in  the  shop.^ 

(In  the  trying  hours  of  '61,  the  shop  did  more 
than  the  platform,  pulpit  or  press,  to  form  public 
sentiment.  Every  shop  was  keenly  alive  to  the 
changing  phases  of  American  thought.  It  dicta- 
ted to  the  leaders.  Men  who  were  not  in  touch 
with  the  shop  were  counselling  compromise,  but 
when  those  who  knew  what  the  shop  thought  and 
talked  reported  the  purpose  and  determination  of 
the  people,  the  leaders  were  prompt  to  act ;  the 
shop  demanded  action  and  gave  a  million  soldiers 
to  endorse  its  demand!} 

In  England  it  was  the  shop  that  prevented 
British  recognition  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. 
But  for  the  purpose  and  zeal  of  the  toiling  millions 
in  Birmingham  and  other  cities,  the  Ministry 
would  have  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the 
Confederacy.  There  was  that  indefinable  force 
in  the  talk  of  the  laborers  in  England  that  made 
the  proud  aristocracy  hesitate  to  take  so  impor- 
tant a  step  in  defiance  of  their  convictions.  When 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  ig 

t  at  last  the  aristocracy  decided  to  educate  the 
workingmen  away  from  their  prejudices,  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  delivered  one  lecture  that  was 
reported  in  the  English  press  and  was  read  in 
every  shop.  Editorially  the  papers  denounced  it ; 
but  the  shop  reads  the  reports  and  never  sees  the 
editorials,  and  after  that  speech  had  been  talked 
over  by  a  hundred  thousand  laboring  men  no  power 
on  earth  could  have  wrung  recognition  from  the 
Government. 

^There  is  no  general  reform  possible  that  is  not 
securely  anchored  in  the  shop.  •  There  is  no  occa- 
sion to  raise  money  for  campaign  purposes  when 
the  conscience  of  the  shop  is  bent  upon  reform. 

1  Reformers  must  come  into  touch  with  the  shop  if 
they  would  win.  I  Its  possibilities  for  good  are 
every  way.  greater  than  its  tendency  to  evil. 

•  Success  in  the  shop  is  as  vital  to  four-fifths  of 
mankind  as  success  in  mercantile,  professional  or 
literary  life,  is  to  the  other  fifth.  Lectures  are 
delivered,  articles  are  written,  and  sermons  are 
preached  to  inspire  men  to  be  great,  but  almost 


2O  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

nothing  is  said  or  done  to  help  men  to  make  the 
most  of  themselves  in  the  shop.f 

There  are  compulsory  laws  requiring  school 
attendance  of  the  children  of  the  shop.  The 
church  points  with  pride  to  the  size  of  its  Sunday 
School,  filled  largely  from  shop  homes.  Doctors 
figure  skillfully  for  practice  in  the  homes  of  me- 
chanics, and  traders  cater  for  their  patronage. 
tThe  largest  profits  are  made  on  goods  sold  to 
laboring  men,  who  pay  cash  because  they  have  no 
credit.  They  pay  an  extra  percentage  on  their 
groceries  and  provisions,  their  boots,  shoes  and 
fuel,  on  the  ground  that  they  buy  in  small  quanti- 
ties.* 

If  merchants,  professional  men  and  philanthro- 
pists were  as  wise  as  they  think  themselves,  they 
would  join  in  a  movement  to  inspire  the  shop  to 
greater  thrift.  *The  world  has  little  to  rejoice 
over  in  the  success  of  a  man  who  amasses  millions  ; 
and  yet,  every  newspaper  is  keenly  alive  to  every 
bit  of  gossip,  good,  bad  or  indifferent,  regarding 
such  a  man's  home,  social  habits  or  business  rela- 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  21 

tions,  while  they  leave  unnoticed  the  men  who 
earned  the  money  to  buy  the  goods,  to  pay  the 
railroad  jiares,  and  to  'use  the  freight  that  made 
his  millions  possible.  * 

The  prosperity  of  the  nation  depends  more  upon 
the  character  of  the  shop  than  upon  any  other  one 
thing.  We  should  lend  every  possible  encourage- 
ment to  everything  that  gives  financial  independ- 
ence to  the  shop.  |  Manly  independence  will  be 
possible  when  the  shop  holds  the  same  position  in 
the  regard  of  the  platform,  pulpit  and  press,  that 
wealth,  fame  and  ingenuity,  now  hold.  \ 

^There  are  Henry  Wilsons  in  the  shoe  factories, 
though  they  may  never  develop  their  character, 
logic  and  eloquence,  through  self-denial,  study  and 
aspirations.  There  are  Elihu  Burritts  in  the 
country  blacksmith  shops  throughout  the  land, 
though  they  may  not  be  inspired  to  master  eight- 
een languages  and  twenty-two  dialects.  There 
may  be  Hugh  Millers  at  Quincy  and  Rutland, 
though  they  may  not  master  science  or  literature. 
There  may  be  Fichtes  tending  geese,  though  they 


22  THE     SHOP    AT    WORK. 

may  never  give  the  world  its  rarest  philosoph}jL 
There  may  be  another  Robert  Burns,  bearing  the 
burden  of  daily  toil  on  the  farm,  though  the  world 
will  never  revel  in  another  "  Cotter's  Saturday 
Night."  There  may  be  another  Charles  Dickens 
pushing  the  pencil  in  the  reporter's  gallery,  though 
we  may  not  enjoy  another  "David  Copperfield," 
or  "Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

(The  shop  has  infinite  possibilities,  and  there  are 
at  the  bench  and  wheel,  at  the  plough  and  lathe, 
men  who  will  be  worthy  successors  of  Dwight  L. 
Moody,  the  clerk  ;  William  Dean  Howells,  the  type- 
setter; Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich,  the  book-keeper; 
Mark  Twain,  the  pilot ;  but  of  these  the  world  has 
less  need  to  know  than  of  those  who  cannot  aspire 
to  thrive  outside  the  shop,  who  go  to  their  daily 
toil  knowing  that  their  highest  business  hope  must 
be,  "not  to  get  out  of  a  job,"  and  not  to  have  their 
wages  "cut.^ 

tTo  make  the  toiler  prosperous,  contented,  peace- 
ful, sunny,  joyous  in  his  work,  is  as  great  service 
to  the  state  and  the  church  as  any  one  can  ask  to 


THE     SHOP    AT    WORK.  23 

perform.  Not  every  man  can  expect  to  do  any 
great  thing  for  the  shop.  Brilliancy  is  a  rare  gif t.t 

Illumination  requires  a  deal  of  talent,  but  to 
speak  into  and  through  the  shop,  if  touched  rightly, 
is  within  the  reach  of  humble  men.  It  takes  sixteen 
hundred  times  as  much  electric  force  to  run  one 
arc  light  as  to  run  the  entire  telephone  system  of 
Boston ;  indeed,  so  slight  is  the  force  required  for 
the  telephone  that,  by  moistening  the  fingers,  one 
may  pass  the  telephonic  current  through  himself 
and  not  feel  it,  he  can  be  talked  through,  even, 
and  not  know  it. 

I  So  slight  is  the  thrill  of  sympathy  required  to 
breathe  hope,  peace,  joy,  into  the  heart  of  toiling 
humanity,  that  he  is  without  excuse  who  fails  to 
do  something  to  make  the  shop  brighter  and  better.! 


THE  SHOP  AT  PLAY. 


He  that  labors  is  tempted  by  one  devil ;  he  that  is  idle  by  a 
thousand.  —  Italian. 

Honest  labor  bears  a  lovely  face.  —  Dekker. 

Labor  is  itself  a  pleasure.  —  Lucretius. 

Labor  is  preferable  to  idleness,  as  brightness  to  rust.  —  Plato. 

Labor  is  the  best  sauce.  —  Latin. 

A  mystic  bond  of  brotherhood  makes  all  men  one.  —  Carlyle. 

We  pine  for  kindred  natures 

To  mingle  with  our  own.  — Hemans. 

The  secrets  of  life  are  not  shown  except  to  sympathy  and 
likeness.  —  George  Eliot. 

Sympathy  is  especially  a  Christian's  duty. — Spurgeon. 
Those   who   would   make   us   feel,    must    feel    themselves. — 
Churchill. 

Some  feelings  are  to  mortals  given 

With  less  of  earth  in  them  than  heaven.       — Scott. 

One  does  not  feel  three  hundred  blows  on  another's  back. — 
Servian.  > 

Sympathy  is  the  solace  of  the  poor. — Bea. 
Work  first,  then  rest.  —  Ruskin. 


THE  SHOP  AT  PLAY. 


A  RCHDEACON  FARRAR  said  at  a  meeting 
at  Lord  Aberdeen's  in  April  last,  that  it 
was  a  national  disgrace  for  England,  after  spend- 
ing millions  on  elementary  education,  millions  on 
the  repression  of  crime,  to  do  nothing  whatever 
for  lads  who,  after  their  day's  work,  are  "turned 
adrift  into  the  burning,  fiery  furnace  of  the 
streets." 

Whoever  has  aught  to  do  with '  the  out-of-shop 
life  of  the  youth  of  the  shop,  knows  but  too  well 
what  this  means.  The  danger  is  not  in  the  street, 
is  not  in  the  shop,  is  not  in  the  lad  himself,  but  in 
a  strange  combination  of  the  three,  which  makes 
life  from  tea-time  to  bed-time  a  burning,  fiery  fur- 
nace for  a  lad  with  nothing  to  do,  who  has  been 
in  the  shop  eight  or  ten  hours. 

It  is  not  alone  the  children  of  the  laboring  men, 
29 


30  THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY. 

but  the  sons  of  clergymen,  authors,  doctors,  law- 
yers, merchants,  millionaires,  who  prefer  the  shop 
to  a  scholastic  life.  Did  we  not  bait  the  college 
course  with  the  fascination  of  the  oar,  the  bat,  the 
foot-ball  and  the  class-day,  how  should  we  keep 
any  boys  from  the  shop  ? 

What  is  the  attraction  of  the  shop  ?  Is  it  not 
because  of  the  lack  of  thought  and  responsibility, 
absence  of  draft  upon  intellect  and  sympathy? 
Shop-life  is  sociable.  There  is  the  fascination  of 
story-telling.  Experiences  —  romantic,  comic  and 
tragic,  are  recited  with  all  the  embellishments  of 
the  imagination.  There  is  little  thought  required 
for  the  work,  and  the  mind  is  free  for  thinking,  and 
the  tongue  for  talking.  There  are  jealousy  and 
envy,  friction  and  chafing,  but  such  is  the  free- 
dom in  repartee,  and  such  the  absence  of  standards, 
that  every  one  consoles  himself  with  the  thought 
that  he  gets  the  best  of  the  argument  or  the  joke. 

If,  for  any  reason,  he  does  not  like  his  associa- 
tions, he  merely  "gets  another  job,"  and  profits  by 
past  experiences.  He  enjoys  the  freedom  of  the 


THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY.  31 

shop,  at  the  same  time  he  enjoys  being  liberated 
from  the  "prison  "  of  the  shop  at  six  o'clock.  The 
laboring  man  has  the  luxury  of  liberation  daily. 
The  professional  and  business  man  rarely  enjoys 
such  a  sensation.  For  two  weeks  in  the  summer 
some  men  throw  off  all  care  and  abandon  them- 
selves to  a  lawless  life  in  yacht  or  camp.  O,  the 
luxury  of  a  bosomless  shirt,  freedom  from  social 
restraint,  and  the  exhilaration  of  a  careless  life  1 

All  this  the  shop  youth  feels,  with  variations, 
every  night.  O,  the  luxury  of  a  bosom  shirt,  the 
freedom  of  the  street  corner,  the  exhilaration  of 
a  careless  evening ! 

JThe  atmosphere  of  the  shop  prepares  youth  to 
crave  some  experiences  and  enjoy  some  liberties 
each  night  that  are  in  such  contrast  with  the  shop 
as  to  make  them  fascinating,  though  the  tendency 
is  demoralizing.  There  is  an  absence  of  aspira- 
tion, hope  or  fear,  that  peculiarly  fits  him  to  take 
physical,  moral  and  intellectual  risks,  that  he  would 
not  under  other  conditions. 

He  who  prevents   disease  or  disaster  benefits 


32  THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY. 

mankind  more  than  one  who  heals  disease  or  res- 
cues from  destruction ;  he  who  leads  youth  to  a 
life  of  total  abstinence  is  doing  grander  service  to 
man  than  one  who  rescues  a  drunkard ;  he  who 
prevents  the  desire  to  patronize  the  saloon  does  a 
nobler  work  for  that  man  than  one  who  closes  the 
saloon ;  so  he  who  gives  the  shop  something  to  do 
in  the  out-of-shop  hours,  something  to  think  of 
which  makes  street-loafing  insipid,  and  social 
demoralization  distasteful,  is  infinitely  above  one 
who  builds  hospitals,  asylums  and  reformatories^ 
The  shop  influences  the  life  outside  itself,  as  it 
is  influenced  by  that  outside  life.  Though  no  two 
of  the  group  meet  each  other  outside  the  shop, 
most  of  them  affiliate  with  those  of  kindred  tastes 
from  other  shops.  Society  is  in  theory  at  the 
opposite  extreme  from  the  shop.  Social  life  is  a 
passion ;  work  is  a  necessity.  Man  hungers  for 
society;  he  dreads  work  for  work's  sake.  Social 
life  is  a  stimulant;  work  is  wearying.  .  Society 
intoxicates;  work  wears.  A  man's  only  excuse 
for  his  social  indulgences  or  amusements  is  that 


THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY.  33 

he  wants  them  and  can  afford  them,  financially, 
physically,  mentally  and  morally* 

Social  experts  give  the  world  unrest.  Boys  and 
girls  rush  into  the  shop  at  thirteen  to  get  a  little 
spending  money  to  gratify  some  social  indulgence. 
The  boy  filches  postage  stamps  from  his  em- 
ployer, and  the  girl  dodges  the  horse-car  fare ;  the 
bank  cashier  embezzles,  and  the  bank  president 
forges,  all  to  gratify  social  unrest. 

I  Society  despises  the  shop,  yet  feeds  upon  it.  | 
All  second-grade  amusements  and  vices  depend 
upon  the  shop  for  support.  The  daily  paper  that 
expects  to  be  read  in  the  shop,  must  advertise 
whatever  caters  to  a  love  for  second-rate  social 
amusements. 

Whatever  else  is  done  for  the  shop,  there  can 
be  no  permanent  success  that  does  not  reach  the 
shop  at  play.  All  the  labor  reform  of  the  world 
will  not  bring  peace,  all  the  preaching  in  Christen- 
dom will  not  give  hope,  unless  the  social  life  of 
the  shop  is  successfully  met. 

If  the  shop  can  be  socially  fed,  it  will  not  seek 


34  THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY. 

social  intoxicants.  tModern  science  intemperance 
reform  teaches  that  to  prevent  the  drinking  of 
liquors  we  must  keep  men  from  being  thirsty.  A 
drink  of  sparkling  water,  the  moment  one  feels 
thirsty,  is  worth  a  hundred  temperance  lectures  to 
keep  a  man  from  his  beer.  Enough  good  food, 
well-cooked,  enough  good  sleep  in  good  homes, 
abundance  of  sunlight  and  pure  air,  are  better 
than  all  the  temperance  laws  ever  passed,  t 

(What  the  shop  wants  socially  is  buoyancy,  not 
stimulants ;  absence  of  repression,  not  religious 
theatricals ;  social  tonic  that  shall  make  social 
dissipation  insipid.t 

Vacation  furnishes  the  theme  for  several  weeks' 
thought  and  talk  in  the  shop,  and  the  character  of 
the  vacation  life  will  determine  its  influence  for 
good  or  bad.  Children  and  teachers  have  two 
months'  vacation ;  preachers  and  church  officers 
four  weeks  ;  clerks  and  most  business  men  two 
weeks ;  professional  men  and  most  shop  people 
none  at  all.  The  Sunday  holiday  at  the  beach,  in 
the  park  or  the  woods,  is  the  only  vacation  that 


THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY.  35 

most  shop  people  receive ;  and  yet,  from  nearly 
every  group  some  one  goes  forth  for  vacation  days. 
All  read  and  listen  to  vacation  experiences.  No- 
where is  there  greater  familiarity  with  what  the 
world  is  doing  in  vacation  than  in  the  shop.  The 
laboring  man  frequently  sends  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren for  a  vacation  at  a  greater  sacrifice  than  the 
world  suspects ;  and  not  infrequently  the  home 
of  the  laboring  man  is  burdened  with  vacation 
visits  from  more  fortunate  relatives. 

•  Society  has  a  definite  mission  with  the  shop. 
Social  sympathy  covers  a  multitude  of  sins  in  the 
eyes  of  the  shop.  I  Society  may  do  much  by  way 
of  studying  wayward  youth,  comforting  sorrowful 
toilers,  winning  youths  and  maidens  from  harmful 
•paths  by  a  judicious,  fervent  use  of  the  sympa- 
thetic emotions.  *The  shop  peculiarly  needs  sym- 
pathy, and  is  susceptible  to  its  slightest  touch. 
The  proportionate  activity  of  muscle  and  mind, 
the  relation  of  speech  and  thought,  the  conditions 
out  of  the  shop  as  related  to  those  in  the  shop, 
create  emotional  possibilities  eminently  susceptible 


36  THE    SHOP    AT    PLAY. 

to  fervency,  amusements,  saloons  and  political 
parties.  *  Amusements  in  factory  towns  do  not 
pretend  to  improve  head  or  heart,  thought  or  life ; 
they  simply  aim  to  stir  the  emotional  nature,  the 
effervescent  characteristics.  The  saloon  does  not 
advertise  to  better  the  man  in  any  regard ;  it  sim- 
ply inflames  his  appetites  and  passions.  *  Political 
parties  rarely  reason  with  the  shop,  they  appeal 
to  its  prejudices,  and  aim  to  make  it  hate  some 
policy  or  men. ) 

The  play  life  of  every  man,  in  summer  and  win- 
ter, in  vacation  and  in  evening  amusements,  should 
keep  in  mind  the  play  life  of  the  shop.  Every 
tendency  toward  aristocracy  in  enjoyment,  is  a 
blow  at  justice,  purity,  honesty,  through  the  shop. 

Whoever  deliberately  seeks  entertainment,  be- 
cause it  is  above  the  reach  of  the  laborer,  is  doing 
his  country  a  positive  wrong.  What  the  world 
needs,  what  America  needs,  is  amusement,  enter- 
tainment, out-of-shop  life  that  is  intelligent,  buoy- 
ant, helpful,  inexpensive,  acceptable  to  the  rich, 
and  within  the  reach  of  the  poor. 


THE  SHOP  AT  HOME. 


37 


Labor  rids  us  of  three  great  evils  —  tediousness,  vice  and  pov- 
erty.—  French. 

Labor  malces  bread  out  of  a  stone.  —  German. 

No  man  can  eat  anything  sweeter  in  this  world  than  what  he 
has  acquired  by  his  own  labor.  —  Turkish. 

Reward  sweetens  labor.  —  Dutch. 

The  sleep  of  the  laboring  man  is  sweet,  whether  he  eats  little 
or  much. 

'Mid  pleasures  and  palaces  though  we  may  roam, 

Be  it  ever  so  humble,  there's  no  place  like  home.  —  Key. 

Our  own  home  surpasses  every  other. 

A  coal-heaver  is  master  at  home. 

The  fire  burns  brightest  on  one's  own  hearth. 

Without  hearts  there  is  no  home. 

At  evening  home  is  the  best  place  for  a  man. 

He  that  has  no  rest  at  home,  is  in  the  world's  hell. 

Home  is  home,  be  it  ever  so  homely. 

Home  is  the  rainbow  of  life. 

Cut  your  clothes  according  to  your  cloth. 

Economy  is  a  great  revenue.  —  Cicero. 

Every  one  is  bound  to  live  within  his  means. 

He  that  eats  and  saves,  sets  the  table  twice.  —  Ovid. 

He  who  eats  and  puts  by,  has  sufficient  for  two  meals. 


39 


THE  SHOP  AT  HOME, 


*\  VIEWED    from    any  standpoint    of   industry, 
faithfulness,   enjoyment,  health,   virtue,  or 
development,  the  great  necessity  of  the  shop  is 
good  home  life.X 

It  is  as  important  to  the  employer  as  the  em- 
ployee that  the  laborers  have  good  homes.  It  is 
important  to  the  State  that  the  home  life  be  every 
way  satisfactory.  The  statesmen  can  do  nothing 
for  their  country  that  will  count  for  more  by  way 
of  national  security,  prosperity  and  honor,  than  to 
encourage  the  best  of  home  life  among  working 
people.  I  We  occasionally  hear  men  vvko  did  not 
go  into  the  army  talk  about  the  worthlessness  of 
the  soldiers  in  the  Civil  War.  The  bone  and 
sinew  of  the  army  came  from  good  homes.  There 
were  in  the  army  2,320,272  three-years'  men,  not 

41 


42  THE    SHOP    AT    HOME. 

to  mention  452,136  who  enlisted  for  shorter  peri- 
ods. Of  the  2,320,272  three-years'  men,  1,200,- 
ooo  were  native  Americans;  175,000,  Germans; 
150,000,  Irishmen;  105,000,  Englishmen;  and 
225,000,  colored  men  and  men  of  various  nation- 
alities. (Of  the  2,320,272,  nearly  1,000,000  were 
farmers,  and  half  a  million  were  the  better  class 
of  mechanics.)  The  best  estimate  that  can  be  made 
shows  that  five  soldiers  out  of  every  six  came  from 
homes  of  their  own  or  from  homes  owned  by  their 
parents.  In  any  national  emergency  the  country 
must  rely  upon  home-loving,  working  people. 

VjThere  is  little  liability  of  loose  talk  in  the  shop 
on  the  part  of  those  whose  home  life  is  joyous. 
Nothing  makes  a  laborer  so  contented  in  his  toil 
as  to  go  to  and  come  from  a  good  home. 

Employers  begin  to  realize  that  it  is  for  their 

interest   to  improve  the  home  condition  of  their 
\ 

employees.  ^  There  is  no  comfort  for  any  man  who 
employs  a  large  number  of  laborers  who  have  no 
home  comforts  or  aspirations.  IThe  wildest  panics 
are  liable  to  come  with  the  suddenness  of  a  cyclone 


THE    SHOP    AT    HOME.  43 

and  the  fierceness  of  a  flood  to  any  community  of 
toilers  who  are  so  underpaid  as  to  make  home  joy 
impracticable.* 

The  American  Watch  Company,  Waltham, 
Mass.,  employs  twenty-seven  hundred  people. 
Two-thirds  of  the  towns  of  the  state  have  a  less 
population  than  there  are  employees  in  this  fac- 
tory, and  they  pay  the  highest  average  wages  of 
any  factory  of  considerable  size  in  the  world. 
iThey  can  afford  it  because  of  the  quality  of  help 
they  secure,  which  is  largely  determined  by  the 
home  life  of  their  help.1  There  is  not  a  neater 
community  of  homes  in  the  world  than  that  in 
which  these  twenty-seven  hundred  laborers  reside. 
Many  of  them  own  their  homes,  residences  cost- 
ing all  the  way  from  one  thousand  to  ten  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  twenty 
thousand  is  one  of  the  workmen  of  this  shop. 

The  Pillsbury  Flour  Mills,  at  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  the  greatest  establishment  of  its  kind  in 
the  world,  has  taught  the  manufacturing  indus- 
tries of  the  land  how  great  is  the  gain  from  the 


44  THE    SHOP    AT    HOME. 

encouragement  of  a  better  home  life  through  bet- 
ter pay,  or  profit  sharing.  The  senior  partner  is 
Hon.  Charles  A.  Pillsbury,  a  former  mayor  of  the 
city  and  governor  of  the  state.  They  have  three 
mills  for  the  manufacture  of  "  Pillsbury' s  Best/' 
and  one  of  these  has  a  capacity  of  seven  thousand 
barrels  a  day.  iThe  success  of  their  business 
depends  largely  upon  the  intelligence,  sobriety, 
stability,  skill,  zealous  interest,  and  absolute  fidel- 
ity of  their  entire  corps  of  laborers.% 

In  the  modern  manufacture  of  flour,  the  quality, 
consequently  the  market,  depends  upon  the  utmost 
care,  and  it  is  practically  impossible  to  trace  to 
the  proper  source  the  results  caused  by  negligence. 
Only  one  who  has  studied  carefully  the  intricacies 
of  these  flouring  mills  can  appreciate  this. 

In  1882,  Mr.  Pillsbury  determined  upon  an 
heroic  effort  to  improve  the  home  life  of  his  help 
—  the  wages  were  already  the  highest  anywhere 
given  in  the  business.  They  ventured  the  profit- 
sharing  experiment,  and  have  given  it  the  most 
elaborate  trial  yet  witnessed  in  America.  Sept. 


THE    SHOP    AT    HOME.  45 

I,  1883,  they  distributed  $40,000  of  the  profits  to 
such  of  the  help  as  occupied  the  most  responsible 
positions,  had  been  most  faithful  during  the  year, 
and,  as  a  rule,  had  been  with  them  at  least  five 
years.  The  checks  averaged  about  one-third  the 
entire  wages  received  by  each  man  during  the  year. 
In  1884-5  and  in  1888,  they  made  each  year 
about  the  same  division  of  profits  among  the  men. 
In  1886-7,  tne  business,  for  various  reasons,  did 
not  pay  well  and  no  distribution  was  made. 

The  effect  of  this  profit  sharing  has  been  most 
noticeable  in  the  homes  of  the  men,  and  has 
proved  as  great  a  moral  and  social  blessing  to  the 
city  as  it  has  to  the  employers  and  employees. 

It  would  be  easy  to  select  numerous  instances 
in  all  sections  of  the  country  and  of  the  world, 
illustrative  of  the  fact  that  it  pays  in  every  way  to 
encourage  with  great  care  and  apparent  sacrifice 
the  best  of  home  life  among  laboring  people.  No 
business  pays  so  uniformly  well  as  that  which  has 
the  best  home  habits  and  the  most  home  comforts 
for  the  laborers.  It  is  as  easily  demonstrated 


46  THE    SHOP    AT    HOME. 

from  these  same  instances  that  it  is  equally  advan- 
tageous to  the  moral,  social,  intellectual  and  eco- 
nomic advantage  of  the  community  in  which  such 
conditions  exist. 

No  man  can  enjoy  his  home  so  much,  other 
things  being  equal,  as  the  laborer.  He  need  have 
little  draft  upon  time  or  thought  when  out  of  the 
shop.  The  kind  of  weariness  that  comes  from 
Work,  makes  the  rest  of  the  home  more  satisfying. 
The  brain-worker  needs  out-of-door  life,  physical 
activity.  The*  professional  man  inevitably  has 
numerous  social  calls,  making  his  home  in  a  cer- 
tain sense,  public.  The  social  life  of  a  business 
man  naturally  destroys  the  privacy  and  quiet  of 
the  home ;  but  the  laboring  man  may  easily  make 
his  home  his  paradise.  It  must  be  humble, 
largely  devoid  of  comforts  and  luxuries.  He  can 
hardly  choose  his  community,  or  the  playmates 
for  his  children.  There  are  innumerable  things 
to  chafe  him  if  he  will  be  chafed ;  but  society 
proper  makes  few  claims  upon  him,  or,  rather,  will 
extend  to  him  few  courtesies.  Unless  he  can  find 


THE    SHOP    AT    HOME.  47 

comfort  in  his  home,  there  is  little  comfort  for 
him  in  life,  f  If  he  has  mis-mated  in  home-making, 
all  the  Circumstances  conspire  to  make  life  less 
comfortable  as  the  years  go  by.  { 

1  An  unmarried  laboring  young  man,  spending 
all  his  earnings,  dresses  as  well  as  a  man  with  a 
large  income,  f  With  his  wit  trained  in  the  fer- 
vency of  shop  talk,  he  has  certain  fascinating  arts 
that  the  wealthy  youth  does  not  possess.  Many 
a  father  prefers  to  have  his  daughter  marry  an 
honest  laborer,  rather  than  a  dude.  Many  a  girl 
having  discovered  the  hollowness  and  "lack  of 
business "  in  the  flirtation  of  the  society  man, 
responds  promptly  to  the  attentions  of  the  young 
man  of  the  shop.  $Hence,  many  shop  homes  are 
launched  on  an  income  from  which  the  man  alone 
did  not  lay  by  a  penny,  with  a  wife  whose  spend- 
ing-money  alone  has  exceeded  his  income;  home 
then  means  sacrifice.* 

t  Another  shop  youth,  having  flirted  beyond  his 
intention,  marries  some  frivolous,  "good  com- 
pany" girl  of  the  shop,  who  has  been  quite  inde- 


48  THE    SHOP    AT    HOME. 

pendent  on  her  own  earnings,  and  both  fret  under 
their  straitened  means.  Hence,  from  many 
causes,  the  home  of  the  laboring  man  that  has 
boundless  possibilities  of  comfort,  is  in  danger  of 
being  a  source  of  discomfort.  f 

fThese  home  complications  of  the  laboring  man 
are  practically  unreachable  by  any  philanthropy  or 
philosophy,  and  yet  the  future  of  America  depends 
largely  upon  the  home  life  of  the  shop.l  What- 
ever is  done  for  the  home  must  be  done  largely 
through  the  example  of  the  homes  in  which  chil- 
dren are  reared ;  must  be  done  by  the  precepts  of 
the  school,  church  and  Sunday-school,  before 
children  are  fourteen  years  of  age ;  must  be  done 
by  the  heroic  utterances  of  the  best  home  senti- 
ment, by  pulpit,  press  and  platform.  Whoever 
edits  a  paper  that  goes  into  the  shop,  has  a  patri- 
otic opportunity  and  a  moral  responsibility  that 
are  too  little  appreciated. 

The  key-note  of  the  home  is  rhythm,  which 
means  comfort.  By  rhythm  is  not  meant  the 
effusiveness  of  song  nor  the  exhilaration  of  poetry. 


THE    SHOP    AT    HOME.  49 

The  chord  or  harmony  in  the  music  is  not  rhythm, 

neither  is  the  metre  in  poetry.     Rhythm  is  that 

« 

indefinable  feature  of  prose  which  makes  it  classic ; 
it  can  neither  be  tested  by  rule,  nor  taught  by 
methods ;  hence  it  is  infinitely  easier  to  secure  art 
in  song  than  in  speech,  in  poetry  than  in  prose,  in 
oratory  than  in  conversation. 

There  is  little  melody  or  poetry  in  the  home  life 
of  laboring  people,  but  the  rarest  rhythm  of  the 
world  may  be  found  there.  Every  condition  for 
such  rhythm  is  there  presented.  I  Let  our  biogra- 
phers glorify  occasionally  the  rhythmic  virtue  of  the 
ideal  laborer's  home ;  let  the  newspapers  magnify 
the  fact  —  for  fact  it  is  —  that  the  majority  of  the 
truly  great  men  of  the  world  are  born  in  the  shop 
home;  let  us  have  more  of  the  genius  of  the 
novelist  in  picturing  the  rhythmic  halo  of  such  a 
home ;  let  the  churches  bring  to  the  front  in  their 
social  life  the  home-making  class  of  our  citizens ; 
let  our  magazines  illustrate  occasionally  the  beau- 
tiful, rhythmic  homes  of  shop  men,  instead  of  glo- 
rifying the  horses,  dogs  and  fowls,  of  sportsmen,  j 


THE  SHOP  AT  SCHOOL 


Those  who  labor  with  their  minds  rule. 
It  is  lost  labor  to  sow  where  there  is  no  soil.  —  Chinese. 
Education  is  the  poor  man's  haven. — Latin. 
Education  polishes  good  natures,  and  corrects  bad  ones. 
You  may  pay  more  for  your  schooling  than  your  learning  is 
worth. 


53 


THE  SHOP  AT  SCHOOL 


TT  IS  just  possible  that  the  platform,  pulpit  and 
press  have  gone  quite  far  enough  in  demand- 
ing that  the  school  do  various  things  that  should  be 
done  by  the  home,  the  church  and  the  shop.  Each 
has  some  responsibilities  and  privileges  in  the  edu- 
cation of  the  whole  boy.  The  fact  that  too  much 
is  demanded  of  the  school  is  no  reason,  however, 
why  it  should  escape  criticism  for  failure  to  do 
essential  things.  Evidences  multiply  that  the 
school  does  not  realize  the  character  of  its  respon- 
sibility. A  study  of  the  examination  papers  of 
many  schools,  attention  to  the  character  of  the 
exercises  in  the  average  institute  and  association, 
observation  of  the  work  done  by  many  teachers, 
will  reveal  the  fact  that  by  far  too  many,  even  in  this 
day  of  advance  in  school  methods,  estimate  their 

55 


56  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

success  by  the  facts  they  teach,  by  the  examples 
correctly  and  promptly  performed,  and  the  words 
rightly  spelled,  whereas  these  results  should  be 
merely  means  to  a  higher  end. 

The  school  is  responsible  for  such  intellectual 
discipline  as  shall  give  the  highest  effect  to  the* 
physical,  industrial,  economic,  moral  and  religious 
life  of  man.  For  a  child  to  read  and  write  fluently, 
spell  and  cipher  correctly,  know  all  the  bays,  capes 
and  rivers  of  the  world,  will  not  insure  his  pros- 
perity, happiness  or  peace  of  mind. 

•The  mission  of  the  school  is  intellectual  disci- 
pline, not  for  the  sake  of  such  discipline,  but  for 
its  effect  in  domestic,  social,  industrial  and  profes- 
sional life,  in  character  building,  in  patience,  loy- 
alty and  religious  consistency*  We  do  not  teach 
for  discipline  for  its  own  sake,  but  for  the  results 
of  discipline  in  everyday  life,  in  every  sphere  of 
life.  Since  the  vast  majority  of  mankind  is  so 
interested  in  the  shop ;  since  the  after-school  life 
of  the  majority  of  the  public  school  pupils  is  to  be 
shop  life,  the  school  curriculum,  methods  and  tone, 


THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL.  57 

should  be  largely  attuned  by  that  fact.  [The  work 
of  the  school,  however,  is  not  to  make  better  work- 
men in  the  shop,  but  rather  to  secure  greater 
ultimate  success,  comfort  and  happiness  because 
of  such  work* 

As  labor  now  is,  any  youth  can  become  handy 
in  shop  work  if  he  will  devote  himself  to  it  for  a 
little  time.  A  full  course  of  industrial  training 
would  rarely  lessen  perceptibly  the  time  required 
to  initiate  him  into  any  mechanical  industry. 
There  is  no  necessity  here  for  raising  the  question 
of  the  educational  advantage  in  teaching  accuracy 
in  observation,  measurement,  estimate,  and  in  the 
actual  doing  of  the  thing  projected;  but  aside 
from  this,  it  is  a  misfortune  to  bring  the  shop  life 
too  early  into  the  path  of  our  boys  and  girls. 
There  is  no  occasion  to  fear  that  labor  will  lack 
fascination  when  we  are  obliged  to  put  up  legal 
barriers  to  keep  the  children  from  entering  the 
shop  before  they  are  thirteen  years  of  age,  when 
nearly  every  home  has  to  make  war  upon  the  pas- 
sion of  American  youth  for  shop  life.  What  the 


58  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

fehop  needs  of  the  school,  is  that  love  for  good 
books,  good  companions,  good  thoughts ;  that 
appreciation  of  cleanly,  manly  conversation  which 
shall  project  into  the  shop  life  of  the  pupils  some- 
thing that  shall  lead  them  to  read  intelligently  and 
with  avidity  good  things ;  which  shall  lead  them 
to  enjoy  good  lectures,  good  conversation,  good 
society;  which  shall  lead  them  to  appreciate  a 
good  home  with  good  books  and  good  associations. 
The  school  is  not  to  make  shop  work  more  suc- 
cessful, but  is  to  make  the  shop  at  play  and  the 
shop  in  the  home  mean  more  and  bring  more 
comfort  to  the  shop  toilers.  I 

The  shop  certainly  needs  to  be  educated,  but 
not  in  technique.  The  inventions  of  the  world 
ought  to  spring  from  the  .shop,  as  they  do  not 
now.  The  man  who  studies  principles,  not  the 
one  who  practices  processes,  is  the  mechanical 
inventor.  The  education  that  the  man  needs  out- 
side the  shop,  is  in  principles,  not  in  processes. 

Laws  may  be  negatively  beneficial  to  the  shop, 
but  not  positively.  They  may  protect  a  man  from 


THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL.  59 

abuses,  but  can  never  develop  genius.  *  Labor 
reform  that  aims  at  hours  of  labor  or  at  wages, 
may  be  a  good  thing  in  the  negative  way;  but 
what  the  shop  needs  is  the  inspiration  to  use  the 
mind,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  best  way  to  use 
it  in  and  out  of  work  hours.  Time  of  itself  is 
of  little  account ;  the  use  of  time  is  of  inestimable 
importance.  % 

The  wage  question  is  of  great  moment,  but  the 
use  of  wages  is  of  vastly  more  consequence.  { The 
primal  educational  need  of  the  shop  is  taste  and 
talent  for  the  use  of  one's  self,  one's  time  and 
wages.l 

Have  we  not  played  the  educational  farce  long 
enough  ?  The  idea  of  dividing  the  people  of  the 
country  into  the  educated  and  illiterate,  with  no 
higher  test  for  education  than  ability  to  read  the 
simplest  sentences  and  write  one's  own  name! 
„  The  showing  is  bad  enough  with  that  test  —  what 
would  it  be  if  we  drew  the  line  where  it  would 
require  ability  to  do  independently  and  with  assur- 
ance anything  that  required  independence  of 


6O  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

thought  and  familiarity  with  standards  ?  There 
are  men  in  this  country  who  cannot  read,  or  write 
their  own  names,  who  are  better  educated  than 
some  men  who  have  been  in  school  for  years.  It 
is  a  trite  saying,  but  one  that  needs  to  be  repeated 
again  and  again,  that  the  most  stupid  children  in 
school  stand  about  an  even  chance  *of  leading  their 
classmates  in  wealth,  business  ability,  social 
standing,  political  influence  and  moral  power,  at 
forty  years  of  age. 

The  work  of  the  school  is  to  put  the  child  upon 
his  feet ;  to  give  him  the  standards  he  is  to  use,  to 
teach  him  how  to  use  them,  and  to  inspire  him  to 
make  the  most  of  them.  The  boy  who  knows  all 
that  the  school  pretends  to  teach  of  facts  and  pro- 
cesses, may  yet  be  easily  distanced  by  the  youth 
who,  knowing  little  of  the  wisdom  of  other  men, 
*  knows  how  to  use  himself  land  what  little  he  does 
know  of  the  facts  and  processes  given  by  others. 

In  the  great  Samoan  gale  that  wrecked  German 
and  American  vessels,  carrying  scores  of  souls 
suddenly  into  eternity,  one  vessel  was  saved  sim- 


THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL.  6 1 

ply  because  the  commander,  seeing  how  useless 
was  the  canvas,  ordered  his  men  to  the  rigging, 
where  they  arranged  themselves  so  as  to  catch 
the  breeze ;  and  there  they  clung,  defying  the  storm 
in  all  its  fury.  •  The  education  that  the  shop  needs 
is  the  ability  to  hurl  personality,  all  that  is  alive 
in  one,  into  the  world's  rigging,  defying  cyclonic 
circumstances  in  politics,  social  dissipation  and 
home  misfortune.  I 

When  asked  to  present  questions  to  a  school, 
do  not  ask  for  a  question  of  fact,  nor  one  for  the 
verification  of  processes,  but  rather  seek  to  know 
whether  the  individual  pupil  has  standards  in  a 
given  subject  and  knows  how  to  use  them.  For 
illustration,  I  have  asked  hundreds  of  high  school, 
normal  school,  academy,  seminary,  and  even  col- 
lege classes,  the  distance  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  and 
the  answers  were  about  the  same  in  all  the  schools, 
regardless  of  the  real  distance.  These  ranged 
from  three  hundred  and  fifty  to  thirty-five  hundred 
miles,  sometimes  a  lesser  estimate  and  sometimes 
a  much  higher  being  made.  I  then  give  the  class 


62  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

six  distances,  as,  for  example,  the  distance  from 
New  York  to  Bangor,  Savannah,  New  Orleans, 
Chicago,  Denver,  San  Francisco.  These  are  yard- 
sticks. When  any  two  places  are  given,  they  can 
easily  apply  this  "yardstick"  on  an  imaginary 
map  and  make  a  correct  estimate.  The  same  class 
that  apparently  had  no  idea  of  distance,  will  sud- 
denly give  with  accuracy  any  distance  called  for. 
They  have  standards  and  know  how  to  use  them. 
The  chief  educational  merit  of  manual  training  is, 
that  it  trains  in  measurements,  estimates,  and  the 
use  of  standards.  One  of  the  chief  elements  of 
good  teaching  is,  to  stand  a  child  upon  his  feet  in 
every  branch,  place  standards  in  his  hands,  and 
teach  him  to  use  them.  |No  man  will  ever  become 
a  machine  in  the  shop  who  has  been  trained  in 
individuality,  who  has  formed  the  habit  of  actual- 
izing himself  in  whatever  circumstances  he  may 
be  placed.* 

|  There  is  always  danger  in  emphasizing  the 
importance  of  individuality,  of  standing  on  one's 
own  feet,  in  that  it  makes  one  indifferent  to  the 


THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL.  63 

advantages  gained  by  combinations.  It  is  true 
that  the  best  work  of  the  world  is  custom  work, 
and  yet.it  is  practically  impossible  for  anyone 
to  attain  to  great  success  when  he  tries  to  do 
every  part  of  the  work  himself.  The  success 
of  the  world  is  in  combinations,  placing  every  man 
where  he  can  accomplish  the  most.  This  applies 
all  through  society.  |  No  man  thinks  of  raising  all 
kinds  of  stock,  or  all  classes  of  stock  of  one  kind. 
The  man  who  raises  horses  only,  makes  it  pay 
when  he  raises  one  breed.  If  he  is  making  a 
specialty  of  draught  horses,  he  does  not  wish  to 
be  experimenting  on  speed  horses,  because  his 
success  in  marketing  his  stock  will  depend  largely 
upon  knowing  intimately  every  phase  of  the  mar- 
ket, all  the  breeders,  and  all  the  interests  involved. 
He  wants  to  be  most  intimately  associated  with 
every  element  and  with  all  the  individuality  in 
that  line  of  business ;  he  wants  to  blend  himself 
completely  with  them  all,  and  to  blend  them  most 
completely  with  himself. 
*  In  a  word,  then,  the  second  element  in  educa- 


64  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

tion  for  the  shop  is,  ability  to  blend  one's  self  most 
harmoniously,  consistently  and  persistently,  with 
every  other  interest  involved  in  the  shop.  |Not 
one  person  in  a  thousand  ever  made  it  for  his 
advantage  to  be  out  of  harmony  with  his  employer, 
with  his  foreman,  with  his  fellow-laborers.  Other 
things  being  equal,  no  man  ever  failed  to  find  it 
both  for  his  comfort  and  his  profit  to  train  himself 
to  get  on  harmoniously  with  all  the  men  above, 
beside,  or  below  him  in  the  shop.  One  sees  many 
evidences  of  this  in  shop  life.  A  man  declines 
to  lend  a  moment's  assistance  to  an  associate, 
declines  to  tell  him  where  something  is  that  he  is 
looking  for,  chuckles  over  the  fact  that  his  failure 
to  help  another  causes  that  other  to  lose  time  or 
fail  of  results.  This  is  not  soon  forgotten,  and 
the  opportunity  soon  comes  for  the  other  man  to 
return  the  compliment  with  interest.  "It  is  a 
long  road  that  has  no  turning";  and  ultimately 
every  man  loses  with  interest  every  dollar,  every 
hour,  every  result,  that  his  selfishness,  or  inherent 
meanness  has  caused  another  to  lose. 


THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL.  65 

I  The  school  should  teach  first,  last  and  always,  not 
only  that  honesty  is  the  best  policy  as  well  as  the 
right  principle,  but  also  that  to  be  helpful  to 
others,  within  the  bounds  of  reason,  is  the  best 
policy  and  the  true  principle.* 

I  Again,  the  danger  with  the  shop  is,  that  it  shall 
lack  purpose.  The  moment  a  laborer  fails  to  have 
a  purpose  high  and  noble,  aspiring  unto  something 
other  than  the  wages  he  receives,  work  becomes 
drudgery,  life  monotonous,  the  world  a  disappoint- 
ment; but  every  man  who  has  a  purpose,  who 
aspires  to  do  something  above  the  mere  mechan- 
ical routine  of  the  shop,  finds  joy  in  his  work,  and 
increasing  profit  from  it.  By  purpose  is  not  meant 
the  ambition  which  gives  unrest ;  is  not  meant  aspi- 
ration, even,  that  makes  one  discontented  or  disap- 
pointed ;  but  rather  a  buoyancy  that  allows  one  to 
move  through  the  daily  routine  of  life  much  as  a 
bird  sails  through  the  air,  using  the  atmosphere  of 
labor  as  a  necessity,  taking  the  shop  into  every 
avenue  of  his  being,  only  to  make  him  light  enough 
in  thought  and  feeling  to  glide  forward  or  upward, 


66  THE    SHOP    AT    SCHOOL. 

to  the  right  or  to  the  left,  with  equal  ease,  the  pur- 
pose being  to  use  and  not  be  used  by  the  circum- 
stances of  the  shop.  The  school  has  opportunities 
and  responsibilities  for  discipline  in  individuality, 
harmony  and  purpose,  unattainable  by  the  home, 
the  church  or  society,  and  its  ultimate  usefulness 
to  the  state  depends  largely  upon  its  improve- 
ment of  these  privileges.  \ 


THE  SHOP  AT  CHURCH. 


Many  come  to  bring  their  clothes  to  church,  rather  than  them- 
selves. 

What  the  soul  is  to  man,  the  church  is  to  the  world. 

Who  don't  keep  faith  with  God,  won't  keep  it  with  man.— 
Dutch. 

Better  suffer  for  truth,  than  prosper  by  falsehood. 
The  language  of  truth  is  simple.  —  Seneca. 
Truth  conquers  all  things.  —  Latin. 

Truth  crushed  to  earth  shall  rise  again. 

The  eternal  years  of  God  are  hers.  — Bryant. 

Justice  is  half  religion. 

A  Christian  is  God  Almighty's  gentleman. 

Big  church,  little  saints.  —  German. 


THE  SHOP  AT  CHURCH. 


'THHE  church  is  responsible  for  the  quality,  de- 
gree and  intensity  of  the  world  morally. 
The  church  is  to  be  judged  by  truth  as  she  is  lived, 
as  much  as  the  school  is  by  "  English  as  she  is 
Taught."  So  long  as  so  large  a  fraction  of  man- 
kind is  in  the  shop,  the  church  is  as  responsible 
for  the  quality  of  its  influence  upon  the  shop  as  it 
is  for  the  quality  of  its  preaching. 

The  primal  mission  of  the  church  was  to  carry 
the  truth  and  secure  its  benefits  to  all  people. 
There  is  no  warrant  nor  apology  for  the  too  gen- 
eral custom  of  having  a  pastor  devote  his  time  and 
talents  to  the  intellectual  and  social  luxury  of 
those  who  pay  his  salary.  I  The  church  is  respon- 
sible for  finding  a  way  to  inspire  the  purpose  and 
purify  the  motive  of  all  classes.  \  If  the  methods 


72  THE    SHOP    AT    CHURCH. 

and  practices  of  the  church  are  not  available,  they 
must  be  made  available  through  adaptation.     The 
world   has   suffered   quite  long  enough  from  the 
name  " theological  seminary"  for  the  three  years' 
training-school  for  men  who  are  expected  to  reach 
the  shop  at  work,  at  play  and  at  home.     It  has  suf- 
fered quite  long  enough  from  the  wrong  focus  of 
church  associations  and  councils  for  ordaining  men 
to  save  mankind.     A  council  always  makes  sure 
that  a  would-be  pastor  is  theologically  sound,  with- 
out the  faintest  effort  to  discover  whether  he  has 
sound  common  sense.    The  council  is  always  ready 
to  pronounce  against  a  man  whose  theology  will 
not  satisfy  the  deacons,  without  asking  whether 
his  good  taste  and  good  sense  will  satisfy  the  shop. 
We  make  sure  that  he  will  satisfy  the  men  who 
theoretically  do  not  need  salvation,  without  once 
asking  whether  he  has  adaptation  to  the  men  whom 
we  would  save. 

The  church  must  understand  that  its  mission 
in  the  world  is  largely  with  the  shop ;  not,  how- 
ever, with  its  hours  of  labor,  not  with  the  relation 


THE    SHOP    AT    CHURCH.  /3 

of  employer  to  employees,  but  with  the  relation  of 
the  laborers  to  each  other,  and  the  relations  of  the 
shop  a,t  work,  at  play  and  at  home. 

The  church  architecturally,  in  the  fervency  of 
its  singing,  in  the  character  of  its  preaching,  in 
the  price  of  its  pew  rents,  in  the  standard  of 
dress,  must  make  every  self-respecting  laboring 
man,  whatever  his  financial  income  or  financial 
home  demands,  thoroughly  at  home  in  church  life. 
The  church,  through  its  pulpit,  through  its  social 
life,  through  its  mid-week  meetings,  must  find  a 
way  to  influence  for  good  the  talk  and  thought  of 
the  shop. 

The  mission  of  the  church  is  largely  to  rescue 
the  shop ;  and  if  she  has  encumbrances,  traditions 
and  prejudices  that  make  such  rescue  impractica- 
ble, the  sooner  she  throws  them  overboard  the 
better. 

When  the  Missouri  rescued  the  Danmark's  crew, 
in  March,  '89,  the  captain  found  himself  in  mid- 
ocean  en  route  for  Philadelphia  with  a  choice  cargo. 
Here  on  the  high  seas  was  the  Danmark  with  pas- 


74  THE    SHOP    AT    CHURCH. 

sengers  and  crew  amounting  to  about  seven  hun- 
dred. To  take  them  on  board  was  impossible, 
unless  he  threw  overboard  the  valuable  cargo  for 
whose  safe  delivery  he  was  responsible.  He  did 
not  falter  a  moment ;  had  he  done  so,  he  would 
have  been  execrated  of  mankind.  Human  lives 
are  worth  more  than  any  freight. 

The  leaders  and  commanders  in  our  churches 
are  situated  much  as  was  Captain  Murrell.  The 
shop  is  upon  the  high  seas;  the  church  is  re- 
sponsible for  its  rescue ;  and  if  it  has  any  tradi- 
tions, customs,  fashions,  theological  pride  or  eccle- 
siastical egotism  that  tempt  it  to  leave  the  shop  to 
perish  upon  the  sea  of  temptation,  it  must  throw 
them  overboard.  If  the  church  prizes  its  freight 
more  than  human  souls,  it  is  only  a  question  of 
time  when  it  shall  be  repudiated  by  God  and  man> 

Thus  far  the  American  church  has  been  equal 
to  every  emergency.  Never  promptly,  but  event- 
ually and  effectively  it  has  borne  its  part  in  every 
great  national  contest.  While  it  has  no  monopoly 
of  the  moral  force,  benevolent  spirit  and  philan- 


THE     SHOP    AT    CHURCH.  75 

thropic  zeal  of  the  landr-it  has  very  generally 
focused  these  influences  for  the  betterment  of 
humanity  in  our  country.  Its  prestige  has  come 
largely  from  this  fact. 

The  independent  spirit  in  government,  the  vote- 
as-you-please  principle,  the  mind-your-own-business 
phase  of  life,  the  periodical  discovery  of  some 
new  natural  resource  on  a  large  scale  —  as  coal, 
iron,  copper,  gold,  silver,  and  natural  gas,  the 
ever  unfolding  availability  of  natural  forces  in  the 
telegraph,  telephone,  electric  light,  electric  car, 
phonograph,  etc.,  all  tend  to  reduce  the  reverence 
of  the  American  for  the  miraculous,  the  supernat- 
ural and  the  historic. 

The  church  has  held  its  leadership  in  this  coun- 
try largely  because  the  men  who  represent  it  in 
the  eyes  of  the  world  have  been  the  men  who 
stand  for  the  best  enterprise,  spirit  and  character 
in  other  fields  of  moral  endeavor.  It  has  been  of 
much  less  importance  to  the  average  American 
what  the  Christian  has  done  in  the  church  than 
out  of  the  church,  on  Sunday  than  on  Monday. 


76  THE     SHOP    AT    CHURCH. 

He  has  been  the  leader  in  statesmanship,  in  com- 
mercial life,  in  educational  effort,  in  the  perma- 
nent philanthropies,  in  the  moral  reforms.  This 
fact  has  given  weight  to  his  influence  with  the 
people  of  every  rank. 

/New  forces  are  now  competing  for  this  philan- 
thropic leadership  through  the  benevolent  touch 
of  humanity/)  The  fraternal-insurance-relief  lodge, 
that  gives  financial  aid  in  sickness,  watches  by 
the  bedside  of  the  dying,  has  money  and  sym- 
pathy for  the  burial,  and  competency  for  the  oth- 
erwise homeless  and  friendless  widow  and  orphan, 
is  but  one  of  the  numerous  competitors  for  the 
confidence  and  sympathy  of  the  toiling  millions. 
Last  year  one  of  these  assessment  insurance  fra- 
ternities, whose  conservatism  and  reliability  place 
it  in  the  front  rank,  paid  out  of  its  treasury  upon 
the  death  of  its  membership,  in  round  numbers, 
$2,500,000  which  went  almost  exclusively  to  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  shop  toilers.  That  is  a 
fact  that  counts  for  much  with  the  shop.  The 
church  must  watch  such  signs  of  the  times.  It, 


THE    SHOP    AT    CHURCH.  77 

must  see  to  it  that  its  touch  of  the  shop  is  as 
vital,  as  warm,  as  comforting,  as  helpful  as  that 
of  any  other  agency. 

There  must  be  no  organized  sociability  more 
genuine,  no  philanthropy  more  reliable,  no  sym- 
pathy more  fervent  than  is  to  be  found  in  the 
churches.  The  churches  of  any  city  have  as  a 
rule  a  pastor  to  every  two  thousand  inhabitants, 
of  any  country  town  one  to  every  three  or  five 
hundred  persons.  He  is  an  expert  who  has  given 
from  three  to  ten  years  to  special  preparation  for 
the  ethical  and  spiritual  leadership  of  society. 
He  is  relieved  from  all  other  burdens.  While  the 
merchant  is  grappling  with  the  problems  of  trusts 
or  competition,  while  the  manufacturer  is  bending 
all  his  energies  to  the  question  of  economic  pro- 
duction, while  the  banker  is  giving  his  very  life  to 
the  financial  concerns  of  mankind,  while  the  shop 
is  working  and  worrying  out  the  problem  of  exist- 
ence, one  man  in  every  two  hundred,  or  two  thou- 
sand, is  set  aside  by  the  church  with  a  salary 
specially  assigned  him,  that  he  may  comfort  and 


78  THE    SHOP    AT    CHURCH. 

uplift  society.  No  rival  organization  has  any 
such  advantage,  and  if  the  church  does  not  do  for 
America  and  for  the  American  shop  as  great  a 
work  as  it  has  ever  done  in  the  past,  the  responsi- 
bility will  rest  upon  itself. 

The  church  has  access  to  the  shop  in  every 
phase  of  its  life  at  work  and  at  play,  in  the  home 
and  school ;  and  it  must  place  before  toiling  hu- 
manity through  genuine  sympathy  the  words  of 
the  Master : 

"  Come  unto  me,  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy 
laden,  and  I  will  give  you  rest/' 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

After-work  Hours          .     .            .            .            .            .  29 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey    .  .  .  •  .22 

Amusements           .            .            .            .            .            .  33  -  36 

Appreciation  of  Shop  Virtue        .            .            .  16 

Aristocracy             ......  36 

Atmosphere  of  Shop          .             .             .             .             .  31 

Blending  One's  Self  with  Others    ....  63 

Bosom  Shirt,  Luxury  of           .      .             .             .             .  ,       31 

Bosomless  Shirt,  Luxury  of           .            .            .            .  31 

Brockton,  Mass.     .            .            .            .            .            .  16 

Burns,  Robert        ....  .22 

Burritt,  Elihu          .             .             .             .             .             .  21 

Business  Man's  Independence       .            .            .            .  10 

Chestnuts,  Roasted            .            .            .            •            .  15 

Church  Problems  .             .             .             .             .             .  14 

Church,  Shop  at     .             .             *            .             .             .  71 

Civil  War  .             .            .            .            .            .            .  41 

Combinations,  Gain  by                  .            .            .            .  63 

Compulsory  Laws               .....  20 

Conditions  of  Work  with  the  Business  Man        .            .  9 

Conditions  of  Work  with  the  Laborer      ...  9 

Cordial  Church  Reception  to  the  Laboring  Class            .  73 


INDEX. 

Demands  on  the  School    .             .            .            .            .  55 

Dickens,  Charles  ......  22 

Doctor's  Practice  .             .             .             .             c             .  20 

Dull  and  Bright  Pupils,  Even  Chances  of          .   .            .  60 

Education  of  the  Shop                                              „             .  58 

Electricity  .......  23 

Encourage  the  Best  Home  Life  among  Laborers            .  45 

England  and  the  War        .            .            .            .            e  18 

Englishmen             ......  42 

Exchanging  Statesmen,  Editors,  etc.         .            .            .  15 

Farmers      .......  42 

Farrar,  Archdeacon            ....            i  29 

Fascination  of  the  Shop    .             .             .             .             .  16 

Fascinations  of  the  Young  Man  of  the  Shop       .            •  47 

Freedom  of  Mind  in  Work            .             .             .             .  13 

Germans     .             .             ...            .             .             .  42 

Home  Comforts  for  the  Laborer               ...  42 

Home  Complications,  How  to  Reach       ...  48 

Home  Life              ......  41 

Home,  Shop  at      .             .            .            .            .            .  41 

Howells,  Wm.  Dean.        .....  22 

Illumination            ......  23 

Income       .......  47 

Individuality,  Train  in                    .             .             .             .  62 

Influence  upon  Shop  Talk             .            .            .            .  14 

Irishmen     .             .             .             .  ^          .             .             .  42 

Laborer  a  Machine             .            .            .            .            .  13 

Laborer's  Enjoyment  of  Home  Life          .             .             .  46 

Laboring  Man's  Independence       ....  9 

Lack  of  Purpose  the  Shop's  Danger         ...  65 

Margins  of  Profit  .             .             .             .             .             .  1 1 


INDEX. 

Mark  Twain           ......  22 

Mechanics               ......  42 

Miller,  Hugh           .             .             .             .             .             .  21 

Minneapolis,  Pillsbury  Flour  Mills            ...  43 

Mission  of  the  Church  largely  with  the  Shop       .            .  72 

Modern  Economy  of  Labor           .            .            .            .  1 1 

Moody,  D wight  L.              .             .             ...             .  22 

Native  Americans               .             .             .             .             .  42 

Newspaper  Emphasis  of  Success               ...  20 

Non-Promotion  Tendencies           .            .             .             .  16 

Out-of-Shop  Fascination  to  Laboring  Man           .            .  30 

Out-of-Shop  Life   ......  14 

Play,  Shop  at          ......  29 

Popularity  with  Associates,  Advantage  of            ...  64 

Poultry  Business    .             .             .             .             .             .  12 

Profit  Sharing         .             .             .             .             .             .  44 

Proportion  of  Laborers      .             .            .             .             .  1 1 

Pulpit's  Responsibility       .             .             .             .             .  14 

Reform  and  the  Shop        .             .             .             .             .  19 

Repartee  in  the  Shop         .....  30 

Responsibilities  of  the  Church      .             .             .             .  71 

Responsibilities  of  the  School       ....  56 

Rhythm  Key-note  of  the  Home    ....  48 

School,  Shop  at     .             .             .             .             .             .  55 

Seminary  Phrases  in  the  Pulpit     .             .             .             .  14 

Shop,  Definition     ......  9 

Shop  in  the  Army               .             .             .             .             .  18 

Sizing  up  a  Man     .                          ....  15 

Social  Experts  33 

Social  Life              ......  32 

Social  Sympathy    ......  35 


INDEX. 

Socially  Fed,  the  Shop      -  33 

Society's  Mission  -                                      -  35 

Success  in  the  Shop  Vital                           -  19 

Standards  for  Pupils  61 

Story-telling,  Fascination  of  30 

Street  Loafing        -  32 

Sunday  Holiday     -  34 

Survival  of,  the  Fittest       -  16 

Sympathy  -  23 

Talk  of  the  Shop  -  13 

Theological  vs.  Common  Sense    -  72 

Thought  of  the  Shop         -  13 

Threatening,  Best  Interests  17 

Tinkering  Laws     -  1 1 

Vacations  34 

Vacation  Life  9 

Wage  Question,  The  59 
Waltham,  Mass.     -                                                               -     16-43 

Work,  Shop  at       -  9 

Working  People  the  Nation's  Reliance    -  42 


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